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Obs Ocean

What are the most important factors influencing the heights and times of tides? What tidal patterns are obs...?

What tidal patterns are observed? Are there tides in the open ocean? If so, how do they behave?

As the moon pulls on the earth, the water in the oceans is pulled higher by a few feet in the direction of the moon. At the same time, the earth also shifts slightly (a few feet) in that direction. This causes the ocean to take on a slightly oblong shape (by several feet), with the elongated ends being in the direction of the moon and on the opposite side of the earth. That's why we get a tidal surge about every 12 hours instead of every 24 hours, even though the moon's orbit is approximately 24 hours.

The tides are observed as an increase in the water level by a few feet on the shores of land masses, because the shape of the land doesn't change (the water does, because it is fluid). And, the tidal surge would be detected in the open ocean as a gradual, slight rise and fall in the surface of the ocean.

The tidal pattern for a given land mass depends on the grade and depth of the land mass that is underwater during a high tide and exposed during a low tide. For example, at a pier or sea wall, the tidal changes would simply be a change in the level of the water at high versus low tide.

Where the floor of the ocean or a waterway connecting to the ocean has a gradual slope, the changing tides can result in significant areas of land being exposed during low tide that are completely covered by water at high tide. An example of this would be the Sea of Cortez around San Felipe, Mexico, where the tide flows out to expose hundreds of feet of sand and mud in some places along the shore.

Where an inland waterway has a narrow inlet, the rising and falling tides can cause significant currents to flow through the inlet. Under the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, currents of up to 7 knots have been monitored during rising and falling tides, as sea water surges into and out of San Francisco Bay.

One of the largest tidal effects in the world is the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada. The time that it takes the surge of tide waters to reach the end of the bay is the same as the frequency of oscillation for a mass of water in the bay. So, each incoming and outgoing surge is amplified by the oscillating water mass as it "sloshes" from end to end. This results in a tidal change of nearly 50 feet from low tide to high tide.

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